567
186316470016778155
Salah7281292023496233342479627
Sumar14141292023495245422560718
Al219112920234137246
Zadjali249512920234141279448500632741793
Department7281507014981156232313348384495569643679
of14441507014975112
Pharmacology15921507014959129210244355436505580600675756815
College7281651014989164183203277358433
of11981651014975111
Medicine134616510149110184264284353373446521
and19031651014981155236
Health21751651014974148229248285354
Sciences25661651014954123142217290359433478
Dissertation6831944017098132193255344389431524566599689773
Title68321390122426696120184
Experimental15732141012053101170235265285378443504538607627
Investigation2227214101202384139204243277297364433467487552613
on28682141012065126
the3022214101203495160
Relationship32092141012061126146214248268334395434495515583
between38202141012068133167250315380441
Lead42892141012046111179248
Exposure,45642141012054102170236274335365430458
Thyroids50502141012042103157187252272341380
and54572141012069130198
Systemic56832141012050103142176241335355420
Toxicity15732261012042108156176241261294348
in1949226101202081
Health20572261012069134202222256317
and24022261012068129197
Diabetes2627226101207595163231296330395434
Faculty6832414012248114178238262292350
Advisor10612414012274140196220264328360
Dr.15722416012074104125
Abdu17252416012074142210271
Adem20242416012074142207301
Defense6832569012270134162226286330394
Date11052569012270136166230
2615722571012055111
April17112571012073142172192212
201519512571012055110166221
Abstract6832724012274140184214246312376406
Lead157227300963789144198
exposure178927300965290145197228277301352
can2160273009651106155
cause2333273009652107155186238
multiple2589273009676124140167183238254306
systemic291727300962770101128180255271323
toxicities,326227300962376114130182198225241293324346
particularly3627273009654109133160176228276292347371387430
affecting407527300965580105157209236252301355
the445227300962372124
hematopoietic,4594273009649101176231258310365417433485512528580602
nervous5214273009649101125170222271302
and5534273009655103158
renal571427300962172121176192
systems.592827300962770101128180255286308
However,1572282609655107174226270322346360
its1954282609693667
effects203628260965277103155207234265
on2316282609652101
the243928260962069121
thyroid258228260962169112136188204259
functions286328260961967116168195211263312343
are322128260965579131
not3367282609649101128
well3511282609666118134150
elucidated367628260965268117169185240294321373428
and4119282609655104159
the430028260962069121
pub-lished4436282609655103158184200216247296348403
studies485428260963158107162178230261
are513028260965579131
controversial.5276282609652104153180204256300352376407423478494516
In581428260961260
addition,5890282609654109164180207223275324346
although15722922096557198147199248301350
there194429220963685137161213
are217929220966387139
several234029220964092136188212267283
experimental264529220966199154206230246321373422449504520
thyroid318729220963685127151204220274
models,3492292209675128183235251282304
each3818292209661115167216
one4056292209661110162
of424029220966186
them434929220963584136211
has4582292209658113144
its47482922096255283
own4853292209661128176
limitations.505229220962440115131158213240256309357388411
Accordingly,5485292209668119171224248302318367421437480502
in600929220962573
this610529220963584100131
dissertation,157230180965571102133185209236291318334386435457
we2053301809667119
investigated219430180961866111163194221237291345372424479
the269530180962978130
possible2849301809655107138169185240256308
rela-tionship31793018096267793148175202218270319350399415469
between3672301809655107134200252304353
lead404730180961870125180
exposure,425130180965290145197228277301352375
thyroid464830180962977120144196212267
functions493730180962776125177204220272321352
and5313301809654103158
short-term549330180963382134158185212239291315392
systemic590830180963275106133185260276328
toxicity157231140962780118134186202229272
in186631140961564
two195231140962692145
animal2118311409655103119194249265
mod-els,2404311409675128182209261277308330
namely2755311409649104179231247290
normal3066311409649101125202257273
(non-diabetic)336131140962977130179205260276331385437464480532562
and3944311409654103158
diabetic412331140965571126180232259275327
animals.4471311409655104120195249265296319
We4811311409676125
also495731140965470102154
investigated513331140961564108160191218234288343370422477
the563231140962675127
possibility5780311409655107138169185240256272288315358
of615931140965277
develop-ing1572321009655107151203219272326353369417471
a2067321009655
hormonal2146321009649101125202255304358374
thyroid254232100962978121145197213268
model.2834321009675127182234250272
In312932100961968
the321932100962978130
non-daibetic3373321009649101150177231286302357409436452504
model,3901321009675127182234250272
Wistar419732100967793124151206230
rats444932100962681108139
were4612321009666118142194
divided483032100965571115131186238293
into51453210096186794146
five53133210096224185137
groups547432100965478130179234265
and5763321009654103158
treated594332100962953105159186238293
for157233060962578102
five16963306096284792144
days.1862330609663118161192214
The209833060964391143
four226433060963386134158
treatment244533060963559111166193268320368396
groups286333060966286138187241273
received315833060963284136188204248300355
1,353533060965375
25,363233060965397120
50,377433060965397119
or391533060966185
100402333060965297141
mg/4195330609675129164
kg4381330609648102
of450533060966187
lead461433060962476131186
acetate4822330609663115167194249276328
trihy-drate51723306096366076124167194249273327354406
intraperitoneally560133060962473100124179233285309325353405454506560576592635
(i.p.),15723402096304668122144174196
respectively.179034020963284115169221273300316360412428471493
The230634020964190142
control2470340209659112161188212264280
group277234020966186138186241
received303534020963283135187203247299354
i.p.341134020962446101123
injections35563402096247289141192219235288337368
of394634020966085
distilled405334020966278109137153169185237291
water.4374340209667121148200225241
As463734020966798
for475734020963385109
the488834020963584136
diabetic504634020966278133187239267283334
model,5410340209675127182234250272
diabetes570534020966278133187239266318349
was6084340209667121152
induced157234980961665120168220272327
with191834980966783110159
an2096349809655104
i.p.22223498096133590112
injection23563498096146279131182210226278327
of270234980965378
60279934980964589
mg/2907349809675129164
kg309134980964094
streptozocin32073498096285579131186213265299352403419468
(STZ).369734980962767101139169191
Six39083498096405694
weeks4021349809667119171211242
later,42853498096146895147171185
lead449234980961466120175
exposure468734980965290145197228277301353
experiments505934980965290145197221237312364413440471
started.555234980962956110134162214268291
Here,5862349809655107131182205
four608934980962275123147
groups157235940965478130179233264
were1859359409666118142194
studied207535940963259107162178230285
i.e.23823594096173991113
a2517359409655
control;2595359409651104153180204256272294
and2912359409654103158
25,309235940964589111
50322535940964589
and3337359409655103158
100351735940964589134
mg/3673359409675129164
kg385935940964195
lead397635940961668123178
acetate4176359409655107159186240268320
groups.451835940965478130179233264286
In482735940961867
each4916359409652107159208
model,5146359409675128182234250273
the544135940962776128
measured5592359409675127181212261285337392
blood600635940965571123175230
lead157236900961668123177
levels177236900961567112164180211
correlated2005369009651104128152204220274301353408
very243536900964496121163
well2620369009667119135151
with279336900966682109158
the297336900962776128
administered3123369009654109184200249265296323375399451506
doses3651369009655107138190221
of389436900965277
lead399436900961567122177
acetate.4193369009654106158185240267319341
Treatment455636900963456107162189264316365392
of497036900965278
the507036900962775127
animals5219369009655104120195249265296
with553736900966783110159
lead571836900961668122177
acetate5917369009655106158186240267319
resulted157237860962476107155171199251305
in190037860962271
signif-icant199337860963854108157173198224240292347395423
weight2444378609667119135189238265
loss273137860962375106137
in289037860962372
both2984378609661114141190
models.3202378609675128183235251282304
Lead352837860964496150205
exposure375537860965997152204235284308360
caused4137378609658113162193245299
a4459378609661
dose-related4542378609662114145197224248299315370397449504
increase506837860962372123147199254285337
in542737860962372
thyroid552137860963482125149201217272
stimulating58153786096386581156205221276303319367421
hormone1572388209649101125203255304356
(TSH)195038820963670109164194
in216638820962271
non-diabetic2259388209655107156183238254308363415442458510
and2791388209661109164
diabetic297738820966177132187239266282334
animals.3333388209661109125200255271302324
Although,368638820965975102151203252306355377
thyroxine408538820963382125149201239255304356
(T4)446338820963670114144
and4629388209661110165
triiodothyronine4816388209633577389142196249276325368392444492508557609
(T3)544738820963670115144
levels561338820962274119171187218
remained585338820963082157212228276328383
within157239780966682110158174223
normal1816397809649102126203257273
range211239780962377126180232
in236639780961564
non-diabetic2451397809649101150176231247302356408436452503
animals,2975397809655104120195250266297319
their331639780962675127143167
levels350539780961567111163179210
were3736397809667119143195
reduced395339780962375129178230282337
in431239780961563
diabetic439739780965470125180232259275326
ani-mals.4745397809654103119146221275291322344
The511239780963381133
highest526739780964864118167219250277
dose5565397809655107138190
of577739780965277
lead587639780961567122177
(100607539780962873117161
mg/1572407409675129164
kg)175840740964498128
significantly190840740963551105154170189209261315364391407450
increased238040740962169121145197252283335389
white2796407409666115131158210
blood303340740965470123175230
cell3285407409656108124140
counts3447407409657109158206234265
and3738407409655103158
caused3918407409657111160191243298
a4242407409655
significant431940740963551105154170189209261315364391
decrease4737407409655107158182234289320372
in513140740962069
the522240740963280132
number5377407409653101176231283307
of570640740965782
platelets581440740965571126153205221273300331
in616740740962069
non-diabetic1572417009649101150177231247302357409436452503
animals.2098417009665114130205259275306328
In244941700962877
addition,2548417009666120175191218234287335358
C-reactive2928417009675102126178232284311327372424
protein337441700966589141168220236285
levels368141700962779123175191222
increased392541700962776127151203258289341396
significantly434341700964157111160176195215267321370397413456
in482141700962776
response491941700963586117172224273304356
to529741700963890
lead540941700962779134188
exposure5620417009662101155208239287311363
in600541700962776
this610341700963786102133
model.1572426609675127182234250272
Moreover,1875426609673126150202254298350374388
there228542660963685137161212
was2528426609666121152
a2702426609663
signifi-cant278742660964056110158174194213240292346395422
increase323142660962574125149201256287339
in359242660962473
lactate368742660962579131158213240292
dehydrogenase4001426609663115164207262286338392444492547578630
(LDH),465342660963875135189219241
aspartate491642660966394149203227255309336388
aminotransferase,5327426609663138154202255282306361409440466518542596627679702
total605142660963588115169185
bilirubin,15724362096557187103127175230246295317
and1913436209655103158
urea209543620964973125179
levels;229743620961870114166182213235
following25544362096288096112164231247296349
lead292643620961870124179
exposure312943620965291145198229277301353
in350443620961867
non-diabetic3595436209649101150177232248302357409436452504
animals.4123436209654103119194249265296318
On4465436209670119
the460643620962978130
other476043620965279128180204
hand,4988436209649104153207230
lead524043620961870124179
exposure544343620965291145198229277302353
in581843620961867
diabetic590943620965571126180232260276327
animals1572445809655103119194249265296
increased189044580961564116140192246277329384
urea229544580964973125179
levels249644580961567112164180211
and2728445809654103158
caused2907445809652107155186238293
a3221445809655
significant329844580963046100149165184203255310359386
decrease3705445809655107158183234289320372
in409944580961564
creatinine418444580965276127182209225274290339391
levels459744580961567111163179210
in482944580961564
plasma.491444580965571125156231286308
While5243445809677126142158210
the547544580962675127
concen-trations5623445809652104153205257306332359383438465481534582613
of157245540965278
malondialdehyde1677455409675130146198247302318373389443495544587642694
were2399455409666118142194
not2615455409655107134
affected,277145540966186111163215242294349371
glutathione316445540966076124151206233282298350399451
stores363745540963764117141192223
were3888455409667119143194
depleted4105455409660112167183235262314369
in449645540962170
response458845540963082113167220269300352
to496245540963385
lead506945540962274129183
exposure527545540965796150203234282306358
in565545540962271
the574845540963382134
diabetic590445540966076131185237264280332
animals.In1572465009655103119194249265296318336385
the197946500963281133
last213446500962075106133
stage,228946500963562117171223245
we2560465009667119
tried27014650096315672124178
to290246500963183
develop3012465009655107151203219271326
a3364465009655
new3441465009653105172
experimental363546500965694149201225241316368417444499515
thyroid417246500963180123147199215270
model,4468465009675128183235251273
based4767465009655109140192247
on5036465009657106
the516446500963180132
use531846500965384136
of547646500965782
hormones.5580465009653106130207260308360391414
In601646500962271
this61094650096318096127
regard,157247460962476130184208263285
animals1881474609655104120195249265296
were2202474609666118142194
treated241847460962954105160187239294
for273447460962780104
five28604746096224185137
days3022474609654109152183
with322947460966783110159
either34124746096526895144196220
thyrotropin-releasing365447460963078121145198225249301355371420447471522538590645676692741795
hormone4473474609649101125203255304356
(TRH)485147460963266114169198
or507447460965276
octreotide5175474609652104131155207259286302357409
(OCT)5606474609632101166201230
to585847460963082
induce596247460961867122171222274
hyperthyroidism157248420964992146198222249298341365417433488504535610
or220448420966185
hypothyroidism,231148420965699154206233282325349401417472488519594616
respectively.294948420963284115170222273301317361413429472494
Although346548420966783110159211260314363
there385048420963584136160211
were4091484209667119143195
no4308484209656109
effects443948420966085110162214241272
on4733484209661109
T4486548420964186
and4973484209662111166
T3516148420964286
levels,527048420962476120172188219241
TRH553348420964291145
was5708484209667121153
effective588348420966085110162214241257301353
in157249380961665
causing1659493809664119167198214263317
an1998493809667116
increase213649380962877129153204259290342
in250049380962877
TSH259949380964787141
levels.276249380962981125177193224246
However,3030493809667120186238282334358372
TRH342449380964795150
also359649380966783114166
elevated378449380966581133177232259311365
LDH4172493809649108163
levels.435749380962880125177193224246
The462549380964695147
use479449380966192144
of496049380966590
TRH507249380964795150
did524449380966783138
not5404493809661113140
cause5567493809664118167198250
any5839493809667116159
other602049380966491140192216
side157250340963147102154
effects174850340965984109161213240271
on2041503409659108
the217150340963483135
tested232850340963486117144196251
parameters,2601503409661116140195270322349401425456478
which3108503409666115131183232
included336250340962271123139188242294349
weight3740503409667119135188237264
change,4026503409659108162211265317339
oxidative438750340965998114169223250266311363
stress47725034096386589140171202
markers5003503409675130154194246270301
and5327503409661110164
renal551450340963082131185201
and5738503409661110165
hepatic5925503409655107162216244260311
functions.157251300962574123174201217270319350372
In196651300962069
comparison,2060513009652104179234288312328359412461483
OCT2567513009670135169
failed27585130096288298114166221
to300151300963082
affect310851300965580105157209236
TSH,336651300963776131153
T4354151300963781
and3647513009655103158
T3382751300963781
levels,393051300961971115167183214236
at419151300965582
the429551300962978130
dose4450513009655107138190
and4665513009654103158
treatment484551300963054105160187262314363390
duration5260513009655103127182209225277326
that560851300963079133160
we5793513009667119
used.593451300965182134189211
In616751300962069
conclusion,1572522609652104153205221269300316369418440
short-term203452260962675128152179205232284308386
lead244252260961163118173
exposure263252260965291145198229277301353
in300752260961261
healthy3085522609649101156172199247290
and3393522609655103158
diabetic356952260965571125180232259275327
animal3913522609655104120195249265
models4196522609675127182234250281
affected449552260965580105157209236288343
the486052260962271123
functions500552260962170118170197213266314345
of536852260965278
the546852260962271123
anterior5609522609654103130182206222275299
pituitary59255226096557198147163190244268311
and1572532209655103158
thyroid175253220962776119143195211266
glands,204053220965470124173228259281
caused2343532209652106155186238293
oxidative265853220965291107161216243259304356
stress,30365322096315882133164195218
liver32765322096163276128152
and3450532209655103158
kidneys363053220964056111160212255286
toxicity393853220962779118134185201229271
and4231532209655104159
induced441253220961564119168219271326
systemic476053220963174105132184259275327
inflammation.51095322096166584104158233308363390406459507529
In566153220961766
addition,5749532209655110164180208224276325347
we6118532209666118
found157254180962578126175230
that182454180962776130157
TRH200454180963382137
has2163541809648103134
a2319541809655
potential2396541809654107134186235262278332348
to276754180962779
induce286854180961665120168220272
hyperthyroidism316254180964992146198222249298341365417433488504535610
in379454180961665
experimental388154180965290145197221237312364413440495511
animals.4414541809654103119194249265296318
Keywords:477654180964799142209261285339370392
lead;519154180961567122177199
rat;541254180962479106128
diabetes;556254180965571126180232259311342364
thyroid;594954180962775118142194210265287
experimental157255140965290145197221237312364413440495511
model2109551409675128183235251
and2386551409655104159
systemic256755140963578109136188263279331
toxicity.292055140963285123139191207234277299